Cheater Cheater Mucus Eater: Simple Mechanisms Drive Cleaner Wrasses To Cooperate

Labroides dimidiatus feeding off a plexiglas plate in the lab at the Lizard Island Research Station. Photo courtesy of Simon Gingins

On the surface, cleaner wrasses seem like real nice fish. They set up their little cleaning stations on patches of reef, offering to eat any external parasites that other fish might have picked up. It’s a pretty sweet deal for both sides — the cleaners get a tasty meal, while the other fish get rid of pests. But not all of these do-gooders deserve their squeaky clean reputation. Every once in a while, a cleaner wrasse will take advantage of the situation and take a bite out of the tasty mucus coating of its client instead of eating parasites like it’s supposed to. This cheating behavior has fascinated scientists, who want to uncover what drives the cleaners to cheat, and what keeps them in line.

“They are a very good system to study cooperation between unrelated individuals,” explains Simon Gingins, who is studying the cooperation between cleaners and their clients for his PhD. Cleaner fish are dependent on their clients to eat, as they’re not fast enough to take bites out of fish that don’t sit and wait. “Their cooperative behavior is central to their life: most of what they do everyday is to interact with other fish species to obtain their food.”

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My Heart Is Home

I was born in Beth Israel Hospital, and lived just outside of Boston until I was 5. I went to high school in Concord, and when I was a teenager, me and my friends used to spend the weekends in Boston and Cambridge. We used to get sushi in Porter Square, flip through the new CDs at Newbury Comics, and have dinner in the North End. I am a die-hard Patriots fan. My family is scattered around the city in small towns and suburbs. Though I lived many places growing up, whenever someone asks me where I’m from, my answer is Boston.

I was less than 20 miles outside of Boston on September 11th, 2001. One of the kids that held me as I cried then ran today in Boston.

Just a week before, he and I chatted over sushi here in Hawaii. He had come out for a conference, and we talked for hours, catching up on everything that had changed in the decade or so since we saw each other last. We had been on the cross country team together briefly in high school (when I foolishly attempted to become a runner). Unlike me, he’s a natural runner. Always one of the first to finish for our school, his passion for the sport has only grown over time. He gushed to me about the upcoming marathon, with excitement lighting his eyes. Running the Boston Marathon is a point of pride for any runner. Since you have to qualify to get in, even being allowed to run is considered an honor. But today, the finish line normally filled with sweat, relief and joy became a gruesome crime scene.

Thankfully, my friend finished long before the bombs went off.

When I heard about what happened, my gut immediately tightened, and I erupted into tears. I have countless family and friends in the Boston area, and immediately, I started the mental list of who I needed to check in on. The classmate that ran — check. A friend who works in the area — check. One of my closest friends and his partner — check. Classmates, colleagues, family, friends — check, check, check, check. I turned to facebook and twitter, relieved to see so many updates from people who are safe, telling their loved ones that they’re ok. Too many, though, were stories of near misses. People that happened to be working from home instead of the office, runners that finished early or never got the chance to, friends that almost went to cheer them on.

I cannot begin to understand the mind of someone who would do something like this, though certainly scientists have tried.

Some are questioning whether what happened should be labeled a terrorist attack. When a series of bombs explode in streets crowded with innocent people, though, there can be no mistaking the goal. Whoever placed these bombs wanted to hurt us. They timed the attack not to hit the first place racers, but when many more would be crossing the finish line. They blew up crowds of spectators and athletes, regardless of age, sex, race or religion. They stole lives and limbs. They took a day of celebration and forged one of gruesome violence. For whatever reason, whatever cause they sought to further or message they sought to send, they meant to incite terror. They wanted to fill our hearts with fear and rage, to twist our thoughts to hatred and retaliation.

We cannot let them have that. We cannot let them win.

Reactions like Erik Rush’s won’t help anything. We don’t know who chose to commit this terrible act, but we will, and when we do, they will be punished. As Obama promised, “make no mistake, we will get to the bottom of this… We will find out who did this, and we will hold them accountable.” In the meantime, turning on anyone before those facts come in, blaming religious or political groups without any evidence, or making broad threats will only serve to worsen what has happened. If there is one thing that horrific events like this one teach us, it is that hatred is a powerful and destructive force. No good can come of letting ourselves be blinded by it. We will not, as a nation, be coerced to become as twisted as those who placed the bombs today. We cannot.

What I have seen more than anything over the past few hours are outpourings of love and support. People around the world are expressing their honest concern and hope for the people of Boston and the families and friends of everyone involved. That is what we need.

There will always be bullies. There will always be extremists whose thoughts are so distorted by hate that they lose their very humanity, making them capable of unspeakable crimes. There will always be tragedies, and though we hope to prevent as many as we can, we will never be able to prevent them all. But there will also always be reasons to hope and love. There will always be everyday heroes, from the first responders who bandaged at the blast site to the nurses and doctors still tirelessly striving to save lives. There will always be those who risk their own safety to help those in need. There will always be selfless, kind, caring people, and those people far outweigh the few monsters who commit acts like this.

My heart is with you, Boston. Though my body is 6,000 miles away, my heart is home.

 

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Brain’s reaction to the taste of beer helps explain why it’s hard to stop at one

Beer gets into our heads, even before the alcohol has time to kick in.
Image credit: 123RF Stock Photo

I remember quite vividly the first time I tried beer — I almost spit it out. Bitter, bubbly and generally bad, I didn’t get why everyone seemed to be so enamored with it. Yet I, like so many people in the world, continued to drink it. Have you ever wondered why we, as a species, consume alcoholic beverages even though they taste terrible at first?

A new study suggests that despite the bitter taste, the chemicals in beer trigger the brain’s reward system. This pleasurable effect might just explain why we’re so willing to keep drinking past the first sip — until intoxication takes over, and we’ll drink just about anything. But more importantly, this new research, published today in the journal Neuropsychopharmacology,  may explain why some people can drink casually while others slip into alcoholism.  Continue reading “Brain’s reaction to the taste of beer helps explain why it’s hard to stop at one”

Pretty great tits make better mothers

The white cheeks & black chest bar of a great tit
[photo (c) David Jirovsky, provided by BioMed Central]

As anyone in Europe knows, pairs of great tits aren’t hard to find. They’re really everywhere, if you keep an eye out for them — great tits can be found from the northern coast of Africa all the way to western central Russia, and in between. Bouncing around without a care in the world, great tits are one of the most popular and well known birds in the world. Yes, I’m talking about the birds, guys. The pretty, charismatic, if not slightly murderous birds.

Great tits have become a wonderful research model for scientists, as their widespread distribution and general lack of fear of people makes them easy study subjects. There are literally thousands of published papers looking at their ecology, behavior, genetics, and evolution. But while scientists have been studying these colorful, engaging birds for about a century, there’s still a lot to discover. Just last month, scientists from Palacky University in the Czech Republic learned something new, and incredible, about female tits: the prettier the mother, the healthier the offspring. Continue reading “Pretty great tits make better mothers”

New Girl Fishes For Laughs, Catches Terrible Episode

I get that Hollywood sometimes fudges science for dramatic effect, and I’m willing to overlook warp drives and extraterrestrial DNA goop sometimes to enjoy a sci-fi flick. But this week, one of my favorite shows completely botched biological reality, and I simply can’t stand for it. Shame on you, New Girl, shame on you.
A relaxing trip to the aquarium leads to all-out writer FAIL

For those of you who don’t watch the show, New Girl is about four eccentric roommates that live in LA starring the quirky Zooey Deschanel alongside three off-beat male leads. In the latest episode, one of the boys, Schmidt (played by Max Greenfield), is having a tough time getting over the fact that his dream girl and ex Cece (Hannah Simone) is getting married. In an attempt to cheer him up, his buddy and roommate Winston (Lamorne Morris) takes him on a soothing trip to the aquarium. Instead, Winston’s plan backfires, and Schmidt becomes obsessed with a fish that reminds him of Cece: the lionfish.

Cue me screaming at the television.

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High-Speed Evolution: Cars Driving Change In Cliff Swallows

Cliff swallows in their nest

I imagine that adjusting to life around humans, with all our buildings and fast-moving transport mechanisms, is tough for a bird. It’s estimated that some 80 million birds are killed in motor vehicle collisions every year, and with an ever-growing population of people driving around and paving roads in more remote areas, things must be getting harder and harder for the animals we share our world with. But, the American Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) isn’t one to let people ruin the neighborhood. More and more, their huge nesting populations can be found in man-made structures like bridges and overpasses, and have even become cultural fixtures in areas like California. Their new nesting sites allow them to survive even as their former habitat disappears, but it comes at a cost: by living near roadways, the birds are more at risk than ever of being on the wrong end of an oncoming vehicle.

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Irreversible Evolution? Dust Mites Show Parasites Can Violate Dollo’s Law

A scanning electron microscope image of an American house dust mite.

Our world is quite literally lousy with parasites. We are hosts to hundreds of them, and they are so common that in some ecosystems, the total mass of them can outweigh top predators by 20 fold. Even parasites have parasites. It’s such a good strategy that over 40% of all known species are parasitic. They steal genes from their hosts, take over other animals’ bodies, and generally screw with their hosts’ heads. But there’s one thing that we believed they couldn’t do: stop being parasites. Once the genetic machinery set the lifestyle choice in motion, there’s supposed to be no going back to living freely. Once a parasite, always a parasite.

Unless you’re a mite.

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Coffee and Citrus Plants Boost Bee Memory With Caffeine

Honeybee visiting a coffee flower.

Caffeine has been a part of human cultural heritage for more than five thousand years. From ancient teas and coffees to todays energy drink craze, you could say that as a species, we’re hooked. But we’re not the only ones — a new study published in Science today has found that pollinators get a daily buzz off caffeine, too, and it keeps them coming back for more.

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‘Mystery meat’ takes on a whole new meaning

100% beef… if horses count as beef.

In case you didn’t hear, the big news in the food industry this week is the fact that — *gasp* — horsemeat has been detected in Burger King burgers and Ikea’s Swedish meatballs. Noses worldwide are turning up in disgust at the use of such crude ingredients in ground beef products.*

There’s no doubt that a good part of the fuss is that, for some of the Western world, horsemeat is taboo. Many people have an immediate, visceral reaction to the notion of eating horse, just like Americans generally react strongly to the idea of eating dogs. While our preferences are culturally rooted, the recent labeling exposures don’t just offend our palates. As consumers, we rely on retailers and restaurants to give us accurate information about which foods we are buying — whether it be to avoid allergies, follow religious preferences, choose more sustainable options, or count calories. Now, DNA barcoding is exposing just how often we are duped. Continue reading “‘Mystery meat’ takes on a whole new meaning”

At Home Science: Ice Cream Chemistry

Here on Oahu this weekend, Sacred Hearts Academy is hosting it’s 19th annual Science Symposium for Girls. It’s a day full of fun science-y workshops that are free to attend for girls in 5th through 8th grade. Dr. Kira Krend, my roommate and a kick-butt, PhD-wielding biology teacher at Sacred Hearts Academy, is one of the awesome science teachers and professionals helping out with this year’s symposium. So, a few weeks ago, we sat around the house brainstorming fun, short science experiments that the girls might enjoy. When I mentioned my favorite lab from high school chemistry, making ice cream, my roommie’s eyes lit up. When she told her bosses her idea, they loved it — and so did the local news. They chose her symposium workshop as the feature for their advanced coverage. Which, of course, meant only one thing: the protocol had to be perfect.

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